System and method for laser welding

ABSTRACT

A system and method for laser welding. The joint edges of two adjacent sheet metal components are brought into butting relationship on a weld line. A welding head is moved along the weld line while directing a laser welding beam downwardly from its optics to the weld line where it creates a weld joint. In its path downwardly to a focal point at the weld line the beam passes through a stream of air directed transversely of the beam, a shield plate below the stream of air and above the weld line, and a nitrogen filled zone below the shield and above the weld joint.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a division of application Ser. No. 08/554,372, filedNov. 8, 1995, entitled "A Method and Apparatus for Welding" now U.S.Pat. No. 5,814,786.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates generally to welding and particularly to laserwelding. It relates more particularly to joining two or more separatepieces of sheet metal along joint edges by laser welding, andspecifically to the laser welding of sheet metal pieces having differentthicknesses and/or other physical properties.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The automotive industry impacts the lives and livelihood of people inthe industrialized countries of the world more than any other singleindustry. The costs of manufacturing and operating automobiles, forexample, comprise a significant portion of the cost of living to theaverage citizen of these countries. Lowering these costs whilemaintaining or improving quality is a continuing aim of the industry,its customers and their governments.

There are, of course, myriad components and sub-assemblies of theaverage automobile, for example, each of which is the target ofengineers seeking cost savings. One of these is the sheet metal panelswhich make up the body of the automobile, or components of the body. Amethod which has recently been found effective in reducing both thecosts of manufacturing and operation is the manufacture of body panelsusing what have come to be known as "tailored" blanks. For example, inthe manufacture of inner door panels for automobile doors, a customizedor "tailored" blank is formed by welding together two or more pieces ofsheet steel which vary in thickness and/or other physical properties.

By nesting many small sheet components together during the blanking orcut-off process, the amount of scrap produced can be drasticallyreduced. In one known instance, a complex component with five separatepieces laser welded together reduced the scrap produced by 75% overconventional manufacturing techniques wherein the blank is formed in onepiece.

In addition, by forming a customized or "tailored" blank from pieces ofdifferent thicknesses, different hardness and/or different coatings bylaser welding them together along joint edges the final part, afterforming in a press, for example, can exhibit certain desiredcharacteristics in one or more areas of the part and other desiredcharacteristics in other areas. To illustrate, it may be desirable toform an inner door panel that has a very deep draw depth to accommodatethe contour of the finished vehicle door. This requires a very soft andrelatively thin metal. However, the front edge of the same door, wherehinges will attach the door to the vehicle, must be strong enough tosupport the weight of the entire door. Traditionally, this would haverequired the addition of several parts to a one piece stamping in orderto strengthen the front edge. These parts would, of course, requireseparate blanking, stamping, welding and then attachment to thepreviously formed, one piece inner door panel.

By producing a tailored blank with a large, thin, soft piece of flatmaterial joined to a thicker, stronger piece of flat material, acustomized blank can be formed into a one piece inner door, deeply drawnin one area and very strong in another. This eliminates the necessity offabricating additional components and attaching them. In addition,substantial savings are realized in scrap reduction and weightreduction, as well as achieving superior dimensional accuracy in thefinal part. The reduced weight translates into greater fuel efficiency.The increased accuracy translates into improved quality and greatercustomer satisfaction.

Tailored blanks were first produced in the U.S. as early as 1967, by theA. O. Smith Company. Welding in this early application was accomplishedusing electron beam technology.

The first significant installation relating specifically to automotivebody panels was put into production by Thyseen Stahl AG in Germany in1985. That installation, which used laser welding technology availableat the time, continues in use today.

In North America, laser welding of tailored blanks began and grew slowlyin the 1986-1988 period. Armco Steel, Thyssen Stahl AG and DCT-Utilaseall had projects underway. Internationally, other than in Germany,Toyota in Japan and Renault in France began limited laser weldingoperations producing tailored blanks.

From 1989 onward, as significant improvements in laser power and blankedge preparation were made, and as processing experience accumulated,laser welding of tailored blanks became more popular. LittellInternational, Inc. (VIL) assignee of the present invention andapplication, was in the forefront although TWB-Thyssen/Worthington andDCT-Utilase were also active. The completion by VIL of a laser weldingsystem for tailored blanks at a General Motors-Canada plant in 1994 wasthe last major step forward in this technology, i.e., prior to theinventions disclosed in the present application.

It should be pointed out here that many of the more traditional methodsof thin material welding, e.g., resistance welding, induction weldingand electron beam welding, have also been evaluated or employed in thedevelopment of manufacturing techniques for tailored blanks. While eachof these techniques has certain advantages related to finished partformability, finished part appearance, processing speed or cost factors,none to date has produced the quality desired at the speed and costdesired.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A primary object of the present invention is to provide a welding systemfor welding material together along joint edges.

Another object is to provide a welding system for creating a customizedflat blank from thin sheet material components with differentthicknesses, different coatings and/or different strengths.

Still another object is to provide a welding system having a sub-systemfor gauging and clamping sheet material components for the weldingoperation.

Yet another object is to provide a welding system having a sub-systemfor bringing joint edges into precise, abutting relationship.

Still another object is to provide a welding system having a sub-systemusing a laser in welding.

A further object is to provide a method of laser welding thin materialcomponents together along joint edges.

The foregoing and other objects are realized in accord with the presentinvention by providing a laser welding system which incorporates threeinterrelated sub-systems. A gauging and clamping sub-system positions(i.e., gauges) the joint edges of two sheet material components of thesame or varying gauge so that they are substantially parallel to eachother in opposed (and co-planar) relationship, and independently clampseach component in this relationship. An edge joint butting sub-systemmoves one of the components toward the other in the common plane in twostages; a first stage in which the joint edge of one component advancesrapidly to within a predetermined distance of the opposing joint edge ofthe other without any attempt to correct for whatever deviation from aprecisely parallel edge relationship might exist, and a second stage inwhich the joint edge of the one component moves slowly into buttingrelationship with the opposing joint edge of the other component and, inthe process, corrects for any such deviations in parallelism so that thejoint edges are precisely butted in alignment with the welding laserbeam path. A laser welding sub-system includes a welding torch whichprojects a laser beam to the joint through a cross-jet air shield. Thesub-system moves the beam along the joint by moving the torch to createa uniformly superior weld. The cross-jet air shield creates a barrieragainst weld spatter reaching and contaminating the optics of the torch.In addition, the sub-system includes a V-shaped barrier which overliesand extends the length of the butting joint edges. The barrier createstwo separate zones, above and below each other. A welding environmentzone below is separated dynamically from an upper cross-jet zone toprovide a welding process which is consistently stable.

The aforementioned and other objects are also realized by providing amethod of laser welding which includes an edge conditioning step, amaterial component entry transfer step, a material component gauging andclamping step, a joint edge butting step, a welding step and an exittransfer step. In the conditioning step, the sheet material componentedges are conditioned to achieve substantially full edge face contact.In the transfer step, the components are conveyed to a position underthe welding head where the joint edges lie on opposite sides of the beampath. In the gauging and clamping step, the distance from the jointedges to the line of the beam path is gauged and the material componentsare clamped between lower (fixed) and upper (vertically movable)clamping elements, clamping being effected in segments sequentiallyoutwardly from the mid-point of the joint. In the joint edge buttingstep, the material components, clamped in the aforedescribed manner, aremoved toward each other in their common plane by moving the clamps untilthe respective joint edges of the components engage each other. Thematerial components are moved toward each other in two stages, the firstof which rapidly brings the butt edges to within a predetermineddistance of each other along their lengths and the second of whichslowly moves the edges into abutting relationship to produce a buttedjoint. In the welding step, a laser welding head projects a laser beamthrough an air shield to the joint area and moves the beam the length ofthe joint.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description andthe following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory and areintended to provide further explanation of the invention as claimed.

The invention, together with further objects and attendant advantages,will best be understood by reference to the following detaileddescription of the presently preferred embodiment of the invention,taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present inventions, including the aforedescribed objects andadvantages thereof, are illustrated more or less diagrammatically in thedrawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a front elevational view of a portion of the laser weldingsystem made in accordance with the present invention, with parts removedfor ease of illustration;

FIG. 2 is a side elevational view of that portion of the laser weldingsystem shown in FIG. 1, also with some parts removed for ease ofillustration, but with portions of the entry and exit conveyors shown inphantom lines;

FIG. 3 is a side elevational view of the laser welding system made inaccordance with the present invention with the relationship of the entryand exit conveyors to the laser welding sub-system illustrated;

FIG. 4 is a top plan view of the portion of the laser welding systemshown in FIG. 3, with parts removed;

FIG. 5 is a side elevational view of the component gauging and clampingsub-system made in accordance with the present invention;

FIGS. 5A-C are front elevational views of portions of the gauging andclamping sub-system made in accordance with the present invention;

FIGS. 6-8 are enlarged views of the component gauging and clampingsub-system similar to FIG. 5, showing the sub-system successively in itscomponent transfer stage, its gauging and clamping stage and its buttingand welding stage;

FIG. 9 is a top plan view and

FIGS. 10-12 are enlarged side elevational views of the component edgebutting mechanism shown actuated in FIG. 8, with the mechanism invarious operating stages;

FIG. 13 is a top plan view of the clamping mechanism for the gauging andclamping sub-system, with parts broken away, made in accordance with thepresent invention;

FIG. 14 is an enlarged top plan view of the clamping mechanism shown inFIG. 13, with parts removed;

FIG. 15 is a sectional view taken along line 15--15 of FIG. 14;

FIG. 15A is an enlarged sectional view of a pin and spring of FIG. 15;

FIG. 16 is a sectional view taken along line 16--16 of FIG. 14;

FIG. 17 is an enlarged front elevational view of the laser welding headfor the laser welding sub-system made in accordance with the presentinvention;

FIG. 17A is an enlarged front elevational view of the verticaladjustment screw assembly for the laser welding head made in accordancewith the present invention;

FIG. 18 is a side elevational view of the welding head shown in FIG. 17,with the beam focusing device adjustment range and the relationship ofthe beam to the clamping mechanism shown in phantom lines;

FIG. 19 is a further enlarged side elevational view of a portion of thewelding head, showing the welding environment zone containment shieldmade in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 20 is a front elevational view of the portion of the welding headand welding environment zone containment shield shown in FIG. 19;

FIG. 21 is an enlarged side elevational view of the air-shield,anti-splatter mechanism made in accordance with the present inventionand incorporated in the welding head;

FIG. 22 is a bottom plan view of the mechanism shown in FIG. 21;

FIG. 23 is a sectional view taken along line 23--23 of FIG. 21;

FIG. 24 is a diagrammatic view of the mechanism shown in FIGS. 21-23 inoperation; and

FIG. 25 is a cross-sectional view of the air shield made in accordancewith the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

Referring now to the drawings, and particularly to FIGS. 1-4, apreferred embodiment of a laser welding system is shown at 10, withvarious parts removed in different views. The system 10 is preferablydesigned to receive two thin sheet metal components C₁ and C₂ (see FIG.3) which have been sheared so that their opposed edges E₁ and E₂ areprecisely cut, i.e., a precisely mating face contact of at least 60-80%of the thinner component edge is achieved along the length of each edge.It is contemplated that the system 10 could be implemented to receiveany desired number of sheet metal components as well as sheet metalcomponents of different thickness and/or physical properties.

The system 10 gauges the components, i.e., preferably bringing the edgesE₁ and E₂ into parallel alignment with each other, and clamps them inthis relationship. The system 10 then brings the edges E₁ and E₂ intobutting relationship with each other in a predetermined path. The system10 then laser welds the components C₁ and C₂ together along the buttingedges E₁ and E₂ to form a "tailored" blank which may, for example, beformed into an inner door panel for an automobile.

In the preferred embodiment illustrated and described here, thecomponents C₁ and C₂ are brought to, and taken from, the laser weldingsystem 10 by a conveyor system 20 (see FIGS. 3 and 4) which embodiesfeatures of a separate invention.

The laser welding system 10 preferably includes a component gauging andclamping sub-system 30, a component edge butting sub-system 40 and alaser welding sub-system 50. The sub-systems are identified generally,in FIGS. 1-3, relative to the conveyor system 20, and will hereinafterbe described in detail by reference to FIGS. 5-24. The sub-systems 30,40 and 50 are all mounted on a vertically oriented structural steelgantry 60 through which the conveyor system 20 passes.

The conveyor system 20 is best seen in FIGS. 3 and 4 and includes acomponent pairing conveyor unit 201, a component entry conveyor unit 202and a component exit conveyor unit 203. These units are, in manyrespects, substantially similar. As such, corresponding components willbe identified by corresponding reference numerals.

The pairing conveyor unit 201 preferably receives the sheet metalcomponents C₁ and C₂ either manually or by some mechanical means (e.g.,a robot), not shown. The components are deposited on the unit 201 in theposition shown in FIGS. 3 and 4.

The conveyor unit 201 conveys the components C₁ and C₂ onto the entryconveyor unit 202 while maintaining them substantially in therelationship in which they were deposited. The entry conveyor unit 202continues this conveying function to move the components toward thegauging and clamping sub-system 30, with the component C₁ passingthrough that sub-system 30 onto the exit conveyor unit 203. The conveyorunits 201, 202 and 203 preferably have synchronized drives, as willhereinafter be briefly explained. When the components C₁ and C₂ havereached positions where their edges E₁ and E₂ bracket the centerline CLof the laser beam (seen in FIG. 3), the conveying function stops. Thecomponents C₁ and C₂ are then in position for gauging and clamping, edgebutting and then laser welding, preferably in that order.

The conveyor units 201, 202 and 203 each comprise a four-leg base 210 onwhich a sub-frame 211 is supported. The sub-frame 211 preferablyincludes a plurality of support legs 212. The support legs 212, in turn,support roller-transfer sub-assemblies 213.

Each of the conveyor units 201, 202 and 203 incorporates a magnetic beltdrive assembly including an electric drive motor 221, a transmission 222and a pair of magnetic belts 224 connected to the transmission 222 andtrained over a series of shaft-mounted pulleys 225. The pulleys 225 aremounted on their respective bases 210. The belts 224 form a surfacewhich supports the components C₁ and C₂ and to which they aremagnetically attracted.

Each roller-transfer sub-assembly 213 includes a plurality of paralleltracks 230 and mounting rollers 231. Each roller transfer sub-assembly213 may be adjusted so that the uppermost surface of each roller 231lies in the same horizontal plane as the uppermost surface of adjacentmagnetic belts 224.

In addition to the aforedescribed embodiment, the entry conveyor unit202 and the exit conveyor unit 203 have opposed sheet component C₁ andC₂ pusher mechanisms 232 and 233 associated therewith. Preferably, thepusher mechanisms comprise a cylinder including a linear bearing havinga pin. The pusher mechanisms 232 and 233, which include additionalparallel tracks 234 having rollers 235, are used to push the componentsC₁ and C₂ toward the gauging and clamping sub-system 30, as well astransversely align them.

Turning now to FIGS. 5-16, the gauging and clamping sub-system 30 andthe edge butting sub-system 40 are illustrated in detail. FIG. 5illustrates portions of these sub-systems in a preferred operationalrelationship to the opposed ends of the magnetic belts 224 on the entryand exit conveyor units 202 and 203.

Still referring to FIG. 5, the gauging and clamping sub-system 30preferably includes a gauging assembly 301 and a clamping assembly 302,both of which are mounted on the clamp base 61 of the gantry 60. Thegauging assembly 301 preferably comprises a transfer bar 317 andplurality of gauging pins 311a and 311b mounted on a rail 319 (see FIGS.5A, 5B and 5C). The transfer bar 317 has a plurality of slots 309 toengage the pins 311a and 311b along its length. When the components C₁and C₂ have been positioned with their opposed butt-edges E₁ and E₂precisely aligned with each other and precisely spaced relative to eachother, the clamping assembly 302 clamps the components C₁ and C₂ in thisrelationship.

In FIGS. 5 and 8, the gauging assembly 301 is shown in its retractedposition. The clamping assembly 302 has clamped the components C₁ and C₂and the edge-butting sub-system 40 has brought the edges E₁ and E₂ intobutting relationship for welding. In the retracted state of the gaugingassembly 301, two sets of horizontally spaced gauging pins 311a and 311bare preferably retracted into their lowermost position by fluid motors312. With the gauging pins 311a and 311b retracted in this manner, anelongated graphite pad 315 is permitted to move downwardly into theposition shown to act as an underlying shield for the subsequent weldingoperation. The pad 315 is mounted on an arm 316 which is preferablyspring-loaded, but will pivot upwardly, to cause the pad 315 to move toone side against the spring force, when the gauging assembly 301 movesupwardly. As seen in FIGS. 5A, 5B, and 5C, the gauging pins 311a and311b can be spaced at various positions to accommodate various sizes ofcomponents.

FIG. 6 shows a gauging assembly 301 in its component transfer position.Here the clamping assembly 302 is open to permit component C₁ to bemoved across the transfer bar 317 of the gauging bar assembly 319. Thegauging assembly 301 is driven upwardly into this position by fluidmotor 312a (see FIGS. 5A, 5B, and 5C).

FIG. 7 shows the gauging assembly 301 raised to its gauging position,the fully extended position into which it has been driven upwardly bythe fluid motor 312b. In the gauging position, the pins 311a and 311bare positioned between edges E₁ and E₂ of the components C₁ and C₂. Thepusher mechanisms 232 and 233 of the entry and exit conveyor units 202and 203, respectively, are then actuated to push the components C₁ andC₂ toward opposite sides of their respective pairs of pins 311a and311b.

Each pair of pins 311a and 311b comprise sensing probes or low voltagecontacts which sense when the opposed component edges E₁ and E₂ haveeach contacted its respective pair of pins 311a and 311b, i.e., wheneach edge has reached a line where it contacts the respective pair ofpins. A relay is preferably in communication with the sensing probe.Preferably, the relay has a maximum resistance level for output pick-upof about either 3,000 or 30,000 ohms, or a low maximum resistance levelfor output pick-up between 10-110 ohms. The sensitive relay may also bea voltage sensitive relay that amplifies a low voltage DC signal byenergizing a mechanical output which is capable of switching heaviervoltage loads. The voltage sensitive relay may be applied directly to asolid state output of instrumentation or logic controller equipment tofunction as a power relay.

When the edges E₁ and E₂ are in contact with the pairs of pins 311a and311b, the clamping assembly 302 may be actuated to clamp the componentsC₁ and C₂ securely with their edges E₁ and E₂ in this relationship. Thepairs of pins 311a and 311b are then retracted so that the edges E₁ andE₂ can be brought into butting relationship by the edge buttingsub-system 40 in a manner hereinafter discussed.

The clamping assembly 302 is best seen in FIGS. 6-8 and 13-16. FIGS. 6-8show the clamping assembly 302 in end view while FIGS. 13-16 show it,with parts removed, in top plan view (FIGS. 13 and 14) and in sectionalview (FIGS. 15 and 16).

Referring first to FIGS. 6-8, the clamping assembly 302 comprises anexit clamping sub-assembly 321 and an entry clamping sub-assembly 322.The exit clamping sub-assembly 321 is mounted on the clamping base 61 ofthe gantry 60. The entry clamping sub-assembly 322 is mounted onhorizontally disposed rails 65 (see also FIG. 1) which, in turn, arefixed on the clamping base 61 so that it can slide toward and away fromthe exit clamping sub-assembly 321. In the following description of thepreferred embodiments, the components of the entry clamping sub-assembly322 will be identified in the text with the prefix E (for Entry) and thecomponents of the exit clamping sub-assembly 321 will be identified inthe text with the prefix X (for EXit).

The exit clamping sub-assembly 321 includes a horizontally elongatedbody X331 which is generally L-shaped in end view (see FIGS. 6-8). Thebody X331 is elongated lengthwise of the clamping base 61, between thetwo vertical columns 68 and 69 which form the opposite ends (or sides)of the welding gantry 60 (see FIG. 1).

As seen in FIGS. 6-8, the L-shaped body X331 has a lower clamping platenX333 mounted on its upper extremity and extending along its length. Theplaten X333 has a precisely machined, flat upper surface X334 upon whichthe component C₁ is clamped, in a manner hereinafter discussed.Preferably, the upper surface of the platen X333 is sandblasted andcoated with chrome. Its leading edge X335 is positioned so that the pairof pins 311a are spaced precisely 0.100 inches from that edge when theyare in their gauging position (see FIG. 7).

Mounted on the back of the body X331, in vertically orientedrelationship, are two fluid motors X340. Each fluid motor includes anupwardly extending piston X341. Fixed to the upper ends of both pistonsX341 is an upper clamping platen X343 which overlies and is coextensivewith the lower platen X333.

The platen X343 has a lower surface X344 under which the component C₁ isclamped (see FIG. 15 also). Preferably, the lower surface X344 of theplaten X343 is sandblasted and coated with chrome. The surface X344 issegmented, in a manner hereinafter discussed. Its leading edge X345 isalso positioned so that the pair of pins X311 (seen in FIGS. 5A-5C butpartially hidden in FIGS. 6-8) are spaced precisely 0.187 inches fromthe edge when they are in their gauging position (see FIG. 7).

Referring now to FIGS. 14-16, the upper clamping platen X343 is shown ingreater detail. FIGS. 14 and 15 show a top plan view of one-half of theplaten X343 and a section through that half. The other half (not shown)is substantially identical in construction and operation.

The platen X343 includes a carrier plate X347 which is mounted, at eachof its opposite ends, on the upper end of a piston X341. Preferably, theplaten X343 includes a series of eight clamping pads X351, only four ofwhich are shown (under half of the plate X347) are suspended beneath theplate X347. The pads X351, identified as X351a, X351b, X351c, and X351d,are each suspended on four pins X354 which slide vertically incorresponding bores formed through the plate X347.

Preferably, each of the pads X351 is biased or resiliently urgeddownwardly away from the plate X347 by a series of five coil springsX355 between the pads X351 and the plate X347. The pins X354 have capsX356 on their upper ends which limit the downward travel of the pads,but they are free to move upwardly against the springs X355.

Accordingly to the preferred embodiment, the effective length of thepins X354 associated with each of the pads X351 is slightly different.Preferably, the pins X354 associated with pad X351a are longer thanthose associated with pad X351b. In turn, the pins X354 associated withthe pad X351b are slightly longer than those associated with pad X351c,and so on. The effect is to position the flat, lower clamping surface ofeach pad, X351a through X351d, 0.04 inches below the preceding pad, frompad X351a outwardly.

With the component C₁ in position where its joint edge E₁ engages thepins 311a, the fluid motors X340 are actuated to bring the upperclamping platen X343 downwardly. The two center pads X351a (only oneshown) on opposite side of the platen centerline CLP engage and clampthe component C₁ first. Subsequently, in sequence outwardly from thecenterline, the pads X351b, X351c and X351d, engage and clamp. Thecomponent C₁ is, thus, clamped in proper position for welding withoutany wrinkling of the edge E₁ which might have otherwise been caused byexerting clamping pressure along the entire edge at one time. In otherwords, the component C₁, at its edge E₁, is ironed outwardly from thecenter in order not to trap any waves in the component C₁.

The exit clamping sub-assembly 321 has now been described in detail. Theentry clamping sub-assembly 322 is substantially similar in constructionand operation to the exit clamping sub-assembly 321 (other than beinghorizontally movable in a manner hereinafter discussed). For example, itincludes a horizontally elongated body E331 which is generally L-shapedin end view (see FIGS. 6-8) the details of construction and operation ofthe platen E443 are not described. Suffice it to say they aresubstantially identical to the platen X343 and its operation. As such,further description of the entry clamping sub-assembly 322 isunnecessary to a complete understanding of the preferred embodiment. Theentry clamping sub-assembly 322 effects clamping of the component C₂with its edge E₂ positioned against the gauging pins 311b in preciselythe same manner that the exit clamping sub-assembly clamps 321 thecomponent C₁. The properly positioned and clamped components C₁ and C₂are illustrated as such in FIG. 13.

Once the clamping sub-assemblies 321 and 322 have clamped the componentsC₁ and C₂ with their edges E₁ and E₂ in a desired relationship, thepairs of pins 311a and 311b are drawn downwardly (by the fluid motor312a). This permits the spring-loaded graphite pad 315 to pivotdownwardly on its arm 316, into the position shown in FIG. 8. The edgejoint butting sub-system 40 is then actuated to bring the edges E₁ andE₂ into the butting relationship seen in FIG. 8.

The edge joint butting sub-system 40 is best illustrated in FIGS. 2 and9-12. Referring first to FIGS. 9-12, the sub-system 40 comprises a pairof fluid motors 410 (only one shown), one mounted on each end of theexit clamping sub-assembly 321. Each fluid motor 410 is fixed to theback of the body X331 and extends horizontally rearwardly therefrom.

Extending forwardly from each motor 410, through a suitably formedaperture in the back (or clamp bridge) of the body X331, are motorpistons 411. The motor pistons 411 are preferably connected to the entryclamping sub-assembly 322 through air actuator units 412. As willhereinafter be discussed, in gross operation the actuation of the motors410 are effective to move the entry clamping sub-assembly 322 toward theexit clamping sub-assembly 321 on the tracks 65 which slidably supportthe former (see FIG. 10). The effect is to move the component C₂ towardthe component C₁, of course. Preferably, stops 413 on the actuator units412 engage the body X331 and stop further movement at a point where thecomponents C₁ and C₂ are spaced 0.010 inches apart.

Preferably, the air actuator units 412 each include an air bladder 422positioned inside the traveling clamp body E321 and another air bladder426 positioned outside the clamp body E331. Suitable connections areprovided between the bladders 422 and 426 and sources of pressurizedair.

To operate the edge butting sub-system 40 according to the preferredembodiment, the motors 410 are actuated to retract the pistons 411 apredetermined distance and bring the entry clamping sub-assembly 322and, thus, the component C₂ toward the exit clamping sub-assembly 321.The distance preferably designed into this system is about 1.375 inches,less about 0.010 inches. In other words, the component edge E₂ arebrought to within about 0.010 inches of the component edge E₁ by travelof the pistons 411 under the control of the motors 410.

During this travel, the air bladder 422 is preferably pressurized withrelatively high pressure air (about 30 psi) and the air bladder 426 ispreferably pressurized with relatively low pressure air (about 15 psi).When this component C₂ movement is complete, the air pressures in thebladders 422 and 426 are reversed. This causes the movable clampassembly 322 to move and softly butt its component edge E₂ against thefixed component edge E₂. Because the traveling clamp is mounted on thetracks 65 for limited angular movement relative to those tracks, anyslight misalignment of the edge E₂ with the edge E₁ is accommodated andthe edges abut each other snugly along their entire lengths.

The system 10 is now ready to perform its primary function, welding thecomponents C₁ and C₂ together along their joint edges E₁ and E₂. FIGS.1, 2 and 17-24 illustrate the laser welding sub-system 50 which performsthis task.

Referring first to FIGS. 1 and 2, the laser welding sub-system 50preferably comprises a welding carriage 501 mounted for longitudinaltravel on the gantry 60. The gantry 60 preferably includes a bridge 74which is supported on, and secured to, the upper end of each of thecolumns 68 and 69. The carriage 501 may be slidably mounted on rails 502and 503 secured to the front surface and top surface of the bridge 74,as best seen in FIG. 2.

The carriage 501 is preferably designed to travel the length of therails 502 and 503 as it creates a weld joint between the butted jointedges E₁ and E₂. As seen in FIG. 1, the welding carriage 501 may createthis weld joint with a focused laser beam B. The beam B is focused at apoint on a line E which is on an imaginary extension of the joint edgesE₁ and E₂. It travels to this focal point in a conventional manner froma resonator (not shown), through a laser beam transmission assembly 505.

The laser beam transmission assembly 505 preferably comprises aperiscope sub-assembly 507 and a telescope sub-assembly 508. Theperiscope sub-assembly 507 receives the laser beam from the resonatorand, through a series of mirrors (not shown), redirects it into, andalong the axis of, the telescope sub-assembly 508, all in a well-knownmanner.

As the welding carriage 501 is moved along the bridge 74 in its weldingoperation, the telescope sub-assembly 508 extends to follow it, as seenin dotted lines in FIG. 1. When the carriage 501 is retracted, thetelescope sub-assembly 508 collapses, i.e., telescopes into itself, in awell-known manner.

Referring now to FIGS. 17 and 18, the welding carriage 501 preferablycomprises a pair of vertical side-frames 510 and 511. The side-frames510 and 511 are joined by cross-member plates 513 and 514 to form thesuperstructure for the carriage 501. Preferably, the plate 513 has abottom mounted guide 516 on it which seats in sliding relationship onthe rail 503. The plate 514 may also include a side mounted guide 517which seats in sliding relationship on the rail 502.

Within the superstructure forming plates 513 and 514 is mounted thewelding head sub-assembly 520. The welding head sub-assembly 520preferably includes a flying mirror assembly 523, an accordion-likevertical beam transmission housing 524 and a welding beam torch 525.

As seen in FIG. 20, the torch 525 preferably comprises a generallyL-shaped, tubular body 530. The body 530 has a vertically orientedcylindrical head 531, a right-angle mid-section 532 and a horizontallyoriented cylindrical foot 533. It is from the base 534 of the foot 533that the laser beam B is directed at the butted joint edges E₁ and E₂ ofthe sheet components C₁ and C₂.

It should be noted here that FIGS. 17 and 18 show the carriage 501without its air shield unit 540 (see FIGS. 19 and 20). For ease ofexplanation, however, the carriage 501 is first described with referenceto FIGS. 17 and 18 without the air shield unit 540.

The head 531 of the torch 525 is preferably fastened to the lower end ofthe housing 524 for rotational movement around the vertical axis of thathousing 524. It is mounted in a conventional annular bearing arrangement542 affixed to a vertical mounting plate 543. The plate 543 is, in turn,preferably mounted for vertical, sliding movement on a back plate 544 inthe carriage 501.

The torch 525 may be adjusted vertically so as to move the beam B up anddown to set the focal point position. This is effected through avertical adjustment screw assembly 545 (see FIG. 17A).

By the same token, the head 531 may be rotated in the bearingarrangement 542. This rotation causes the beam B to move fromside-to-side in an arc, as will be recognized. Preferably, the head 531also has one other movement capability. Preferably, the foot 533 can berotated about its own axis. This is accomplished by mounting the foot533 in a bearing ring 549 and permitting it to be rotated in that ringby manual adjustment. It is contemplated that the movement of the head531 and foot 533 may be effected by motors M.

It should be recognized that the details of construction and operationof the torch 525 are, in general, not features of the inventions. Thatis not true of the air shield unit 540, however, which will subsequentlybe described in detail in relation to the torch 525.

Turning now to FIGS. 19 and 20, the air shield unit 540 is shownfastened to the base 534 of the foot 533. The laser beam B passesthrough it in focusing on the butted joint edges E₁ and E₂. Excitedambient air flowing horizontally through the unit 540 provides a shieldagainst weld splatter reaching the optics of the system. This will besubsequently described in detail.

Below the air shield unit 540 is a generally V-shaped plate 550 whichforms a welding zone containment shield between the weld joint and thetorch 525. The plate 550 has an aperture 551 formed through the base 552of the plate on the beam B path so as to permit the beam to pass.

The air shield unit 540 is shown in greater detail in FIGS. 21-24. Itpreferably includes a manifold 555 which is fastened to the base of thefoot 533 with four bolts 556. The manifold 555 has a cylindrical passageor orifice 557 extending vertically through it, into communication withthe foot 533 of the torch 525. The laser beam B passes through theorifice 557 to the butted joint edges E₁ and E₂ (see FIG. 24).

The manifold 555 preferably has a conical-shaped horizontal passage 560extending through it normal to the orifice 557. As its smaller end, thepassage 560 is connected to an air inlet fitting 561 or transvector. Thefitting 561 is fastened to the manifold 555 with two bolts 562.

The fitting 561 has a venturi-like passage 565 through it, incommunication with the conical passage 560 in the manifold 555. At thenarrowest point in the venturi-like passage 565, a vertically orientedair-inlet port 568 is formed. Compressed air from a suitable source isused to accelerate the stationary air within the fitting 561. Whencompressed air enters the fitting 561, it fills a chamber that has onlyone exit path. As air passes through the exit path at an acceleratedrate, it is deflected down the throat of the fitting 561, colliding withthe surrounding air and accelerating free air toward the outlet (seeFIG. 25 for a diagrammatic illustration).

The airflow through the passage 560 creates an air barrier in thepassage. The laser beam passes downwardly through it without beingdisturbed. However, any weld splatter WS which flies upwardly is sweptaside by the air flow and does not reach the laser welding optics (seeFIG. 24).

The generally V-shaped plate 550 is preferably fastened to and moveswith the welding head (see FIGS. 19 and 20). According to the preferredembodiment, it isolates the welding area from the welding head bysubstantially confining the welding area between the base 552 of theplate 550 and the beveled noses of the exit and entry upper clampingplatens X343 and E343. A helium rich atmosphere created in aconventional way (see the helium nozzles 553) around the weld joint asit is formed is generally confined to the weld joint area in thismanner.

Although the present invention has been described in detail by way ofillustration and example, it should be understood that a wide range ofchanges and modifications can be made to the preferred embodimentdescribed above without departing in any way from the scope and spiritof the invention. For example, although the preferred embodiment showsonly two components, the preferred embodiment may weld a number ofpieces together. Thus, the described embodiment is to be considered inall respects only as illustrative and not restrictive, and the scope ofthe invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims ratherthan the foregoing description. All changes that come within the meaningand range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within theirscope.

We claim:
 1. A welding system for welding a first sheet metal component having a joint edge to a second sheet metal component having a joint edge wherein the components are positioned by opposing clamps with their joint edges adjacent each other along a predetermined weld line, comprising:a) a welding head mounted for travel along the weld line; b) said welding head directing a laser welding beam at a focal point generally on the weld line; c) a welding zone containment shield between said manifold and the focal point; d) said welding zone containment shield having an aperture therein which permits said laser beam to pass; e) said welding zone being defined below said shield and between said clamps, said clamps having leading edges and outwardly inclined surfaces above said leading edges whereby said welding zone below said shield is substantially confined between said shield and said inclined surfaces.
 2. The welding system of claim 1 further characterized in that:f) said containment shield is mounted for travel with said welding head; g) said shield including a generally horizontal base in which said aperture is formed; h) said welding zone being substantially confined below said base; and i) a nozzle for directing an inert gas into said welding zone.
 3. In a system for welding a first sheet metal component having a joint edge to a second sheet metal component having a joint edge wherein the components are positioned with their joint edges adjacent each other along a predetermined weld line, a welding sub-system comprising:a) a welding head mounted for travel along the weld line; b) said welding head directing a laser welding beam at a focal point generally on the weld line; c) an air manifold between said welding head and said focal point; d) an air passage extending substantially horizontally through said manifold; e) said air passage having a venturi-like constriction therein; f) a mechanism on said manifold for creating a flow of air through said air passage; g) said mechanism including a port for directing air under pressure into said air passage substantially at said venturi-like constriction in said air passage; h) a laser beam passage extending through said manifold transversely of, and intersecting, said air passage; and i) a source of gas for establishing an atmospherically controlled welding zone over said weld line.
 4. The welding sub-system of claim 3 further characterized in that:i) the introduction of air under pressure to said air passage creates a flow of ambient air through said air passage and through the laser beam.
 5. The welding sub-system of claim 4 further characterized in that:j) said air passage in said manifold is generally conical in shape and extends from a smaller diameter end adjacent the venturi-like constriction to a larger diameter end where the passage is open to the atmosphere.
 6. A welding system for welding a first sheet metal component having a joint edge to a second sheet metal component having a joint edge wherein the components are positioned by opposing clamps with their joint edges adjacent each other along a predetermined weld line, comprising:a) a welding head mounted for travel along the weld line; b) said welding head directing a laser welding beam at a focal point generally on the weld line; c) an air manifold between said welding head and said focal point; d) an air passage extending substantially horizontally through said manifold; e) a mechanism on said manifold for creating a flow of air through said air passage; f) a welding zone containment shield between said manifold and the focal point; g) said welding zone containment shield having an aperture therein which permits said laser beam to pass; h) said welding zone being defined below said shield and between opposed leading edges of said clamps, said clamps having outwardly inclined surfaces above said leading edges whereby said welding zone below said shield is substantially confined between said shield and said inclined surfaces.
 7. The welding system of claim 6 further characterized in that:i) said air passage has a venturi-like constriction therein; and j) said mechanism includes a port for directing air under pressure into said air passage substantially at said venturi-like constriction in said air passage.
 8. The welding system of claim 7 further characterized in that:k) the introduction of air under pressure to said air passage creates a flow of ambient air through said air passage and through the laser beam.
 9. The welding system of claim 8 further characterized in that:l) said air passage in said manifold is generally conical in shape and extends from a smaller diameter end adjacent the venturi-like constriction to a larger diameter end where the passage is open to the atmosphere.
 10. In a system for welding a first sheet metal component having a joint edge to a second sheet metal component having a joint edge wherein the components are positioned with their joint edges adjacent each other along a predetermined weld line, a welding sub-system comprising:a) a welding head mounted for travel along the weld line; b) said welding head directing a laser welding beam at a focal point generally on the weld line; c) an air manifold between said welding head and said focal point; d) an air passage extending substantially horizontally through said manifold; e) a mechanism on said manifold for creating a flow of air through said air passage; f) a laser beam passage extending through said manifold transversely of, and intersecting, said air passage; g) a containment shield comprising a V-shaped metal plate which is between said manifold and the focal point and creates a contained welding zone; h) said welding zone containment shield having an aperture therein which permits said laser beam to pass; and i) a nozzle for introducing an inert gas to said zone.
 11. The welding sub-system of claim 10 further characterized in that:l) said V-shaped plate includes upwardly extending legs joined at their lower ends by a horizontal base; m) said aperture in said shield being formed through said base.
 12. A method of welding a first sheet metal component having a joint edge to a second sheet metal component having a joint edge, comprising the steps of:a) bring said joint edges into immediately adjacent relationship along a weld line; b) moving a laser welding head along said weld line while directing a laser beam from said the laser optics in said head downwardly to a focal point substantially on said weld line to create a weld joint between said edges at said weld line; c) confining an area over said weld joint with a physical shield having an opening in it through which said laser beam is permitted to pass; d) using a venturi effect to create a stream of air flowing above said shield and transversely of said laser beam so that said beam passes downwardly through said stream before passing through said shield; and e) introducing an inert gas to said confined area over said weld joint.
 13. The method of claim 12 further characterized in that:f) said inert gas is nitrogen.
 14. In a system for welding a first sheet metal component having a joint edge to a second sheet metal component having a joint edge wherein the components are positioned with their joint edges adjacent each other along a predetermined weld line, a welding sub-system comprising:a) a welding head mounted for travel along the weld line; b) said welding head directing a laser welding beam at a focal point generally on the weld line; c) an air manifold between said welding head and said focal point; d) an air passage extending substantially horizontally through said manifold; e) a mechanism on said manifold for accelerating air flow through said air passage; and f) a laser beam passage extending through said manifold transversely of, and intersecting, said air passage; g) said mechanism including a venturi-like constriction, the introduction of air under pressure to said air passage creating an accelerated flow of ambient air through said air passage and through the laser beam.
 15. The welding sub-system of claim 14 further characterized in that:h) said air passage in said manifold is generally conical in shape and extends from a smaller diameter end adjacent the venturi-like constriction to a larger diameter end where the passage is open to the atmosphere. 